Japanese examples (Miyagawa 2001).
Implementation: Gustave Hahn-Powell and Sandiway Fong.
| Example | Instruction stream (clickable) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| (1a) 鬼が花子を食った
oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST (1b) 花子を鬼が食った hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST "The ogre ate Hanako" |
[hanako, d, kuu, 'v*', [oni, d], 'Tpast', c] | Basic subject/object scrambling.
Allow internal Merge to edge of T from either subject or object position. |
| (2a) 花子がサムにメールをした
hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST (2b) メールを花子がサムにした mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST (2c) サムに花子がメールをした samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST "Hanako sent Sam an email" |
[samu, d, suru, v, ['mēru', d], 'v*', [hanako, d], 'Tpast', c] | Ditransitive frame. No FocP. v values dative Case.
Base order: Agent Theme Goal (Assume ni-marked Goal is lower than Theme.) Undergenerates: only 3 permutations possible: (a) Agent Theme Goal, (b) Theme Agent Goal, and (c) Goal Agent Theme. |
| (3a) 花子がメールをサムにした
hanako-ga mēru-o samu-ni suru-ta hanako-NOM mail-ACC Sam-DAT do-PAST (3b) メールを花子がサムにした mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST (3c) サムに花子がメールをした samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST (3d) 花子がサムにメールをした hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST (3e) メールを花子がサムにした mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST (3f) サムにメールを花子がした samu-ni mēru-o hanako-ga suru-ta Sam-DAT mail-ACC hanako-NOM do-PAST (3g) 花子がサムにメールをした hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST (3h) メールをサムに花子がした mēru-o samu-ni hanako-ga suru-ta mail-ACC Sam-DAT hanako-NOM do-PAST (3i) サムに花子がメールをした samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST "Hanako sent Sam an email" |
[samu, d, suru, v, ['mēru', d], 'v*', [hanako, d], foc, 'Tpast', c] | Ditransitive frame. FocP with EF above v*P.
Base order: Agent Theme Goal (Assume ni-marked Goal is lower than Theme.) Overgenerates: 9 permutations, only 6 distinct: initial 3 same as (2a-c). (3d)=(3g), (3b)=(3e), (3c)=(3i) |