Machine: Minimalist Derivations

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
(1) John saw Mary	[mary, d, see, 'v*', [john, d], 'Tpast', c]	Transitive sentence: v* values acc Case, has edge theta-position.
(2) John runs	[run, 'v_unerg', [john, d], 'T', c]	Unergative sentence: v_unerg has edge theta-position.
(3) A man arrives	[man, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', 'T' ,c]	Unaccusative sentence: v~unacc checks theta and has an edge feature. (See Sobin examples.)
(4) There arrived a man	[man, a, arrive,'v~unacc', there, 'Tpast', c]	Expletive unaccusative construction: v~unacc checks theta and edge feature satisfied by merge of there.
(5) John was arrested	[john, d, arrest, prt, 'v~', 'Tpast' ,c]	Passive sentence: v* replaced by v~ and prt. v~ checks theta. (See Sobin examples.) Passive participle prt has uCase and uPhi. (See Deriv by Phase examples.)
(6) Who saw John?	[john, d, see, 'v*', [who, q], 'Tpast', c_Q]	Subject wh-question: c_Q has uWh and uT simultaneously valued by corresponding features on who. (See Pesetsky & Torrego examples.)
(7) What does John see?	[what:n, q, see, 'v*', [john, d], 'T', c_Q]	Object wh-question: c_Q has uWh and uT valued from what and (head of) T, respectively. (See Pesetsky & Torrego examples.)
(8) Who arrived?	[who, q, arrive,'v~unacc', 'Tpast', c_Q]	Unaccusative wh-question: c_Q uWh and uT simultaneously valued by who. (See Pesetsky & Torrego examples.)

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
(4)(ii)(a) There are likely to be several prizes awarded cf. There are likely to be awarded several prizes	[prizes, several, award, prt, 'v~', there, to, likely, v_be, 'T', c]	Expletive passive with raising verb. Leftwards TH/EX. T values nom Case for prt and several prizes. Several prizes values uPhi for prt and T.
(4)(ii)(b) Several prizes are likely to be awarded	[prizes, several, award, prt, 'v~', to, likely, v_be, 'T', c]	Several prizes raises to matrix subject.
(4)(iii)(a) We expect there to be several prizes awarded We expect there to be awarded several prizes	[prizes, several, award, prt, 'v~', there, to, expect, 'v*', [we, d], 'T', c]	Expletive passive with exceptional Case Marking (ECM) transitive verb. Leftwards TH/EX. v* values acc Case for prt and several prizes. Several prizes values uPhi for prt and v*.
(4)(iii) (b) We expect several prizes to be awarded	[prizes, several, award, prt, 'v~', to, expect, 'v*', [we, d], 'T', c]
(15)(ii) There is likely to arrive a man	[man, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', there, to, likely, 'v_be', 'T', c]	Raising verb with unaccusative.
(16)(ii) We expect there to arrive a man	[man, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', there, to, expect, 'v*', [we, d], 'T', c]	ECM transitive verb with unaccusative.
(18)(a) There seem to have been several fish caught cf. There seem to have been caught several fish	[fish, several, catch, prt, 'v~', there, perf, v, to, seem, v_nop, 'T', c]	Raising verb with participial passive.
(18)(b) We expect there to have been several fish caught cf. We expect there to have been caught several fish	[fish, several, catch, prt, 'v~', there, perf, v, to, expect, 'v*', [we, d], 'T', c]	ECM transitive verb with participial passive.
(20)(b)(i) There were several fish believed to have been caught cf. There were believed to have been several fish caught cf. There were believed to have been caught several fish	[fish, several, catch, prt, 'v~', perf, v, to, believe, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	Passivized ECM verb with participial passive.
(20)(b)(ii) We expected there to have been several fish believed to have been caught cf. We expected there to have been believed to have been several fish caught cf. We expected there to have been believed to have been caught several fish	[fish, several, catch, prt, 'v~', perf, v, to, believe, prt, 'v~', there, perf, v, to, expect, 'v*', [we, d], 'Tpast', c]	ECM transitive verb with passivized ECM verb with participial passive.
(21)(b) There is expected to arrive a man (21)(c) *A man is expected there to arrive	[man, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', to, expect, prt, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	Passive counterpart of (16)(ii). Converges as: There is a man expected to arrive
(22)(c) *There was placed a large book on the table There was a large book placed on the table	[table, the, on, [book, large, a], place, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	Leftwards TH/EX. Converges as There was a large book placed on the table
(22)(e) *How many packages were there placed on the table?	[table, the, on, [packages, many, how], place, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c_Q]	Derivation converges.
(24)(a) There were several packages placed on the table cf. There were placed several packages on the table cf. (24)(b) There were placed on the table several packages	[table, the, on, [packages, several], place, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	Leftwards TH/EX. (24)(b) is rightwards TH/EX (not handled here).
(31)(a) What are they selling books about?	[what:n, q, about, books, d, sell, 'v*', [they, d], prog, 'v~', 'T', c_Q]	No leftwards TH/EX. 2 derivations: optional prepositional pied-piping: About what are they selling books?
(31)(b) *What are there books about being sold?	[what:n, q, about, books, d, sell, prt, 'v~', prog, 'v~', there, 'T', c_Q]	Wh-movement from extracted nominal (EN) in passive construction. No leftwards TH/EX according to Chomsky. Derivation converges with books about raised to progressive be 2 derivations: optional prepositional pied-piping: About what are there books being sold?
(38)(a) There are expected to be caught many fish (38)(b) There are expected to be many fish caught (38)(c) There are many fish expected to be caught	[fish, many, catch, prt, 'v~', to, expect, prt, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	Converges as (38)(c) There are many fish expected to be caught. Note: in in DbyP, many fish expected to be caught in (38)(c) is analyzed as a reduced relative construction, and the complete sentence as existential there are DP.
(38)(d) Many fish are expected to be caught	[fish, many, catch, prt, 'v~', to, expect, prt, 'v~', 'T', c]

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes

(5)(ii) Of which car did they find the driver? Which car did they find the driver of?	[car, which, of, driver, the, find, 'v*', [they, d], 'Tpast', c_Q]	Optional pied-piping: two derivations.
(6)(ii) *Of which car did the driver cause a scandal?	[scandal, a, cause, 'v*', [car, which, of, driver, the],'Tpast', c_Q]	Subject island. Crashes as c_Q can't access wh-DP. Operationally, substream stacks are not re-inserted into the main stack.
(7)(ii) Of which car was the driver awarded a prize? Which car was the driver of awarded a prize?	[car, which, of, driver, the, 'G_to', [prize, a], 'G', award, prt, 'v~', 'Tpast', c_Q]	Chomsky: Parallel extraction to edge of c_Q and T. Implementation: c_Q targets of which car placed on the stack by non-substream goal construction. PP-shell: [_G goal [ G [_{G_to} theme [ G_to ~~goal~~]]]] T targets TOS the driver of which car. Optional pied-piping: two derivations.

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
(5a) What did Mary buy? (5b) *What Mary bought?	[what:n, q, buy, 'v*', [mary, d], 'Tpast', c_Q]	(5a) T to matrix C => do-support. (5b) Mary to edge C blocked (FI: exclamatory).
(5c) *Who did buy the book? (5d) Who bought the book?	[book, the, buy, 'v*', [who, q], 'Tpast', c_Q]	No do-support triggered. (5c) ruled out by economy.
(23) What will Mary buy?	[what:n, q, buy, 'v*', [mary, d], will, 'T', c_Q]	Auxilary will raises to edge of C.
(24) What did John say that Mary will buy?	[what:n, q, buy, 'v', [mary, d], will, 'T', c_eQ, say, 'v', [john, d], 'Tpast', c_Q]	Two derivations: (24) T to C realized as that. Or that can be omitted. c_eQ hosts wh-movement only.
(28a) Who did John say will buy the book? (28b) *Who did John say that will buy the book?	[book, the, buy, 'v', [who, q], will, 'T', c_eQ, say, 'v', [john, d], 'Tpast', c_Q]	That-trace effect. (28b) ruled out by economy.
(31) Mary thinks that Sue will buy the book (33) Mary thinks Sue will buy the book	[book, the, buy, 'v*', [sue, d], will, 'T', c_e, think, v_unerg, [mary, d], 'T', c]	Two derivations: (31) T to embedded C (c_e) realized as that. (33) c_e attracts subject Sue
(43a) *What a silly book did Mary buy! (43b) What a silly book Mary bought!	[book, silly, a, what:d, q, buy, 'v*', [mary, d], 'Tpast', c_Q]	(43a) T to C blocked by CI: exclamative. (43b) Mary in edge of C.
(47a) Bill asked what Mary bought (47b) Bill asked what did Mary buy (47c) Bill asked what that Mary bought	[what:n, q, buy, 'v*', [mary, d], 'Tpast', c_Qe, ask, v_unerg, [bill, d], 'Tpast', c]	Interrogative embedded C does not support T displacement. Note: same parse derived twice.
Extra test cases
Who was John meeting?	[who, q, meet, 'v*', [john, d], prog, 'v~', 'Tpast', c_Q]	Object wh-movement. Auxiliary be pied-piping.
Who was meeting John?	[john, d, meet, 'v*', [who, q], prog, 'v~', 'Tpast', c_Q]	Subject wh-movement. Auxiliary be pied-piping.
*Who do you think that saw John? Who do you think saw John?	[john, d, see, 'v*', [who, q], 'Tpast', c_eQ, think, 'v_unerg', [you, d], 'T', c_Q]	That-trace effect. Economy: no T to C.
Who do you think that John saw? Who do you think John saw?	[who, q, see, 'v*', [john, d], 'Tpast', c_eQ, think, 'v_unerg', [you, d], 'T', c_Q]	Two derivations. No that-trace effect with object.

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
(1c) There was a book taken from the shelf *There was taken a book from the shelf	[shelf, the, from, [book, a], take, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	TH/EX: a book raises to edge of PRT.
(1d) There was a book being taken from the shelf *There was being a book taken from the shelf ?There was being taken a book from the shelf	[shelf, the, from, [book, a], take, prt, 'v~', prog, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	TH/EX: a book raises to edge of progressive be.
(4a) There was a book about the war taken from the shelf *There was taken a book about the war from the shelf	[shelf, the, from, [war, the, about, book, a], take, prt, 'v~', there,'Tpast', c]	TH/EX: a book about the war raises to edge of PRT.
(4b) What was there a book about taken from the shelf What was there taken a book about from the shelf	[shelf, the, from, [what:n, q, about, book, a], take, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c_Q]	what cannot be extracted from the DP. Implementation: substream re-insertion excludes stack contents.
(4c) *What was there taken from the shelf	[shelf, the, from, [what:n, q], take, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c_Q]	Derivation converges (incorrectly). [c_Q] is not blocked from targeting what.
(13a) There is someone laughing (10a) *There laughed someone	[laugh, v_unerg, [someone, d], prog, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	Unergative laugh. Leftwards TH/EX not visible.
(10b) *There watched someone a flying saucer (13b) There is someone watching a flying saucer	[saucer, flying, a, watch, 'v*', [someone, d], prog, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	TH/EX: someone raises to edge of progressive be
(10c) *There fell a book on the floor (13c) There is a book falling on the floor	[book, a, fall, caus, prog, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	No visible TH/EX: assume caus selects for inchoative verbal root fall.
(10d) There arrived a train *There a train arrived	[train, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', there, 'Tpast', c]	No TH/EX.
(1b) There is a train arriving *There is arriving a train	[train, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', prog, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	TH/EX: a train raises to edge of progressive be
(12) A train arrived	[train, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', 'Tpast', c]
(22) There was someone arrested *There was arrested someone	[someone, d, arrest, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	TH/EX: passive expletive.
(23) There was someone being arrested There was being someone arrested There was being arrested someone	[someone, d, arrest, prt, 'v~', prog, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	TH/EX: someone raises to edge of progressive be.
(26a) There has arrived a train (24a) *There has a train arrived	[train, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', there, perf, v, 'T', c]	TH/EX: perfective expletive unaccusative.
(26b) a train has arrived	[train, a, arrive, 'v~unacc', perf, v, 'T', c]	Perfective unaccusative.
(17a) *There has someone laughed	[laugh, v_unerg, [someone, d], perf, v, there, 'T', c]	Derivation crashes. No place to merge there.
(17b) Someone has laughed	[laugh, v_unerg, [someone, d], perf, v, 'T', c]
(17c) There has been someone laughing *There has someone been laughing	[laugh, v_unerg, [someone, d], prog, 'v~', there, perf, v, 'T', c]	TH/EX: someone raises to edge of progressive be
(22a) There is a book available	[book, a, available, a_, 'v~', there, 'T', c]	v~ selects for stage-level predicate available.
(22b) A book is available	[book, a, available, a_, 'v~', 'T', c]
(21a) One book was tiny	[[book, one], tiny, a_, v_be, 'Tpast', c]	v_be selects for the individual-level predicate tiny.
(21b) *?There was one book tiny	[[book, one], tiny, a_, v_be, there, 'Tpast', c]	Derivation crashes. No place to merge there.
(24a) There is a problem	[problem, a, be, v_ex, there, 'T', c]	[v_ex]: obligatory there-insertion.
(24b) *A problem is	[problem, a, be, v_ex, 'T', c]	Derivation crashes. Obligatory there-insertion.
(27a) *There was taken	[take, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	Derivation crashes. PRT is a probe but the stack is empty
(27b) *There was taken a book	[book, a, take, prt, there, 'v~', 'Tpast', c]	Derivation crashes. In a passive expletive construction: TH/EX is obligatory. v~ finds non-theta there.
(27c) There was a book taken	[book, a, take, prt, 'v~', there, 'Tpast', c]	TH/EX: passive expletive construction. a book raises to edge of PRT.
(27d) A book was taken	[book, a, take, prt, 'v~', 'Tpast', c]
(51a) We believe there to be a book available	[book, a, available, a_, 'v~', there, to, believe, 'v*', [we, d], 'T', c]
(51b) There seems to be a book available	[book, a, available, a_, 'v~', there, to, seem, v_nop, 'T', c]
(51c) A book seems to be available	[book, a, available, a_, 'v~', to, seem, v_nop, 'T', c]

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
(4)(a) John₁ thinks he₁ is smart John₁ thinks that he₁ is smart	[john, d, he, d, smart, v_be, 'T', c_e, think, v_unerg, 'T', c]	Doubling constituent (DC) he-John. Last Resort (LR) movement of John is triggered at the edge of the 2nd phase boundary, matrix v. Two derivations due to T-to-C movement (Pesetsky & Torrego, 2001).
(5)(a) *John₁ praises him₁	[john, d, he, d, praise, 'v*', 'T', c]	DC he-John. Does not converge. No LR movement of John out of DC. (John is not 2 phase boundaries away at v*.)
(6)(a) John₁ praises himself₁	[john, d, he, self, praise, 'v*', 'T', c]	DC self-he-John forms a phase. LR triggered at edge of v* phase. John raises to merge at v*.
(7)(a) John₁ thinks that Mary likes him₁ John₁ thinks Mary likes him₁	[john, d, he, d, like, 'v*', [mary, d], 'T', c_e, think, v_unerg, 'T', c]	DC he-John. LR movement of John is triggered at the 2nd phase boundary, matrix v. Two derivations due to T-to-C movement (Pesetsky & Torrego, 2001).
(8)(a) *John₁ thinks that Mary likes himself₁	[john, d, he, self, like, 'v*', [mary, d], 'T', c_e, think, v_unerg, 'T', c]	DC self-he-John. LR movement of John is blocked by external merge of Mary.
(38) John₁ considers himself₁ to be intelligent	[john, d, he, self, intelligent, v_be, to, consider, 'v*', 'T', c]	DC self-he-John forms a phase. No phase boundary for the complement of the ECM verb consider. LR movement of John is triggered at the 2nd phase boundary, matrix v*.
(9)(a) *John₁ considers him₁ to be intelligent	[john, d, he, d, intelligent, v_be, to, consider, 'v*', 'T', c]	Does not converge. No phase boundary for the complement of ECM verb consider. John does not extract as it is not at a 2nd phase boundary at matrix v*.
(40) *John₁ thinks heself₁ is smart	[john, d, he, self, smart, v_be, 'T', c_e, think, v_unerg, 'T', c]	Lexical gap: no nominative reflexives in English. Alternatively, John is no longer accessible to LR movement beyond the 2nd phase c_e. DC self-he-John forms the 1st phase.
(42)(a) John₁ likes his₁ dog	[dog, '\'s', [[john, d, he, d]], like, 'v*', 'T', c]	Need to stipulate that substream stack copy is needed. John inside the DC inside the subject of 's must be accessible to Last Resort at v*
(42)(b) *John likes himself's dog	[dog, '\'s', [[john, d, he, self]], like, 'v*', 'T', c]	Derivation crashes. John is 2 phases down when himself's dog is formed.

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
Strong Crossover
Who₁ thinks (that) Mary likes him₁	[who, q, he, d, like, 'v*', [mary, d], 'T', c_eQ, think, v_unerg, 'T', c_Q]	Doubling Constituent (DC) he-who object of embedded verb like. Two derivations.
Who₁ thinks (that) Mary likes him₂	[he, d, like, 'v*', [mary, d], 'T', c_e, think, v_unerg, [who, q], 'T', c_Q]	No DC. He is object of embedded verb like. Who is subject of matrix verb think. Two derivations.
*Who₁ does he₁ think Mary likes		No DC analysis possible.
Who₁ does he₂ think (that) Mary likes	[who, q, like, 'v*', [mary, d], 'T', c_eQ, think, v_unerg, [he, d], 'T', c_Q]	No DC. Who object of embedded verb like. He subject of matrix verb think. Two derivations.

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
ما بيروحوا ma b-yruuH-u neg indic.imperf go.they "They don't go (out)"	[ruuH, v_unerg, [pro_henna,d], t_imperf, indic, neg, c]	(Brustad 2000:122)
تعلمت اللغة من جيراننا tEallm-t el-lugha min jiiran-na learned.1st.sg. the-language.f from neighbors.m-our I learned the language from our neighbor	[lugha, el, [jiiraan, poss, [niHna,d], min], tEallm, v_trans, [pro_ana,d], t_perf, c]	Pair-merge.
بيروحو بهالعتمة b-y-ruuH-u bi-ha- el-ʕatma indic-go.3rd.pl.m in- the-darkness.f	[aEtma, el, ha, bi, ruuH, v_unerg, [pro_henna,d], t_imperf, indic, c]	Brustad 2000:118
ما يشوفوا العروس لليلة العرس maa y-shuuf-u el-ʕaruus la-lelt el-ʕars neg see.3rd.pl.m the-bride.f until-night.f the-wedding.m "they used to not see the bride until the night..."	[aEruus, el, shuuf, [aErs, el, gen, lelt, d, la], v_trans, [pro_henna, d], t_imperf, neg, kaan, c]	This is currently the abbreviated version of the full phrase kaan-u maa y-shuuf-u el-ʕaruus la-lelt el-ʕars. Was.3rd.pl.m neg. see.3rd.pl.m the-bride.f until-night.f of-the-wedding.m Pair-merge.
جاب له صحن بوظة zhaab l-u SaHn buuDHa brought.3rd.sg.m to-him plate.m (of).ice-cream.f he brought him a plate of ice cream	[buuDHa, d, gen, saaHn, d, zhaab, [huwa, d, l], v_trans, [pro_huwa, d], t_perf, c]	A phrase from the full sentence "zhaab l-u SaHn buuDHa Saar y-aakl-u bi-el-khebez" he brought him a plate of ice cream, he began to eat it with bread. Pair Merge with spliced PP.

Example	Instruction stream (clickable)	Notes
(1a) 鬼が花子を食った oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST (1b) 花子を鬼が食った hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST "The ogre ate Hanako"	[hanako, d, kuu, 'v*', [oni, d], 'Tpast', c]	Basic subject/object scrambling. Allow internal Merge to edge of T from either subject or object position.
(2a) 花子がサムにメールをした hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST (2b) メールを花子がサムにした mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST (2c) サムに花子がメールをした samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST "Hanako sent Sam an email"	[samu, d, suru, v, ['mēru', d], 'v*', [hanako, d], 'Tpast', c]	Ditransitive frame. No FocP. v values dative Case. Base order: Agent Theme Goal (Assume ni-marked Goal is lower than Theme.) Undergenerates: only 3 permutations possible: (a) Agent Theme Goal, (b) Theme Agent Goal, and (c) Goal Agent Theme.
(3a) 花子がメールをサムにした hanako-ga mēru-o samu-ni suru-ta hanako-NOM mail-ACC Sam-DAT do-PAST (3b) メールを花子がサムにした mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST (3c) サムに花子がメールをした samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST (3d) 花子がサムにメールをした hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST (3e) メールを花子がサムにした mēru-o hanako-ga samu-ni suru-ta mail-ACC hanako-NOM Sam-DAT do-PAST (3f) サムにメールを花子がした samu-ni mēru-o hanako-ga suru-ta Sam-DAT mail-ACC hanako-NOM do-PAST (3g) 花子がサムにメールをした hanako-ga samu-ni mēru-o suru-ta hanako-NOM Sam-DAT mail-ACC do-PAST (3h) メールをサムに花子がした mēru-o samu-ni hanako-ga suru-ta mail-ACC Sam-DAT hanako-NOM do-PAST (3i) サムに花子がメールをした samu-ni hanako-ga mēru-o suru-ta Sam-DAT hanako-NOM mail-ACC do-PAST "Hanako sent Sam an email"	[samu, d, suru, v, ['mēru', d], 'v*', [hanako, d], foc, 'Tpast', c]	Ditransitive frame. FocP with EF above v*P. Base order: Agent Theme Goal (Assume ni-marked Goal is lower than Theme.) Overgenerates: 9 permutations, only 6 distinct: initial 3 same as (2a-c). (3d)=(3g), (3b)=(3e), (3c)=(3i)

Stream:	[[hanako!D],[d!case!N],[kuu],[v*!phi],[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:	[]
SO:	[]

Stream:	[[kuu],[v*!phi],[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:	[]
SO:	[d!case[hanako][d]]

Stream:	[[v*!phi],[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:	[[d!case[hanako][d]]]
SO:	[kuu[d!case[hanako][d]][kuu]]

Stream:	[[[oni!D],[d!case!N]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:	[[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:	[v[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v]]

Stream:	[[oni!D],[d!case!N]]
Stack:	[]
SO:	[]

Machine: Minimalist Derivations

Examples:

Input:

Output:
(1a) 鬼が花子を食った
oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta
ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST
(1b) 花子を鬼が食った
hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta
hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST
"The ogre ate Hanako"

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4.

Step 5.

Step 6.

Step 7.

Step 8.

Step 9.

Step 10.

Backtrack

Step 11.

Step 12.

Stream:	[[d!case[oni][d]],[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:	[[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:	[v[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v]]

Stream:	[[Tpast!phi],[c]]
Stack:	[pb,[d!case[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:	[v[d!case[oni][d]][v[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]]

Stream:	[[c]]
Stack:	[pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:	[Tpast[v[d[oni][d]][v[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]

Stream:	[]
Stack:	[pb,pb,[d[oni][d]],[d[hanako][d]]]
SO:	[c[Tpast[d[oni][d]][Tpast[v[d[oni][d]][v[kuu[d[hanako][d]][kuu]][v*]]][Tpast]]][c]]

Step:	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Stack depth:	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	3	3	3	4	3	4

Machine: Minimalist Derivations

Examples:

Input:

Output:(1a) 鬼が花子を食った oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST (1b) 花子を鬼が食った hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST "The ogre ate Hanako"

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Step 10.

Backtrack

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Step 12.

Output:
(1a) 鬼が花子を食った
oni-ga hanako-o kuu-ta
ogre-NOM hanako-ACC eat-PAST
(1b) 花子を鬼が食った
hanako-o oni-ga kuu-ta
hanako-ACC ogre-NOM eat-PAST
"The ogre ate Hanako"